IN IDEOLOGY: THERE IS NO LONE-WOLF TERRORISM

The lone-wolf terrorism phenomenon certainly becomes an interesting object, both for researchers and those related to law-enforcement interests. Lone-wolf terrorism is also called as a lone warrior or a single fighter or a single warrior. Realistically and empirically it is very reasonable to be called lone-wolf terrorism because there is no trace of the relationship between the perpetrators of lone-wolf terrorism and a terrorism organization. In the scrutiny and rational research there is no lone wolf terrorism, due to the existence of a very clear ideological relationship between a terrorism groups with Lone-wolf terrorism.


INTRODUCTION
Terrorism is also considered as "hostes humanis generis" the enemy of mankind, which requires extraordinary actions and steps to be able to uncover and prevent these crimes (Masyar, 2009). This is extraordinary measures as put forth by Fred R. Schreier:"The enemies of yesterday were more or less of the symmetric type: static, predictable, homogeneous, hierarchical, rigid, and resistant to change. The enemies of today are decidedly of the asymmetric type: dynamic, unpredictable, fluid, networked, self-organizing, and constantly adapting and evolving." (Winkler, 2005). One form of asymmetric type is a suicide bomb attack.
At the beginning, suicide attack are always believed as part of the strategy in the cold war era. Cold war strategies of deterrence and containment would be far less effective against nonstate actors using suicide surprise attacks, and that such attacks could be catastrophic; this therefore created the need for a more anticipatory strategy that incapacitates the threat before it occurs (Wiener, 2006). Suicide bombing is also believed to be a terrorist group or network strategy (Moghadam, 2009). Indonesia is very disturbed by the desperate behavior of this suicide bombing (Maarif, 2012). In line with that, Kenneth Omeje said: "the current wave of Islamist terrorism with

LITERATURE REVIEW
In the beginning, only the terminology of lone actor terrorism was known, and the terminology of lone wolf terrorists was unknown. The term Lone actor terrorism was used in the 1880s, this was stated by the Institute for Economics and Peace (IEP), through a statement: "Given that lone actor terrorism has been around since at least the late 1880's beginning with the antimonarch anarchists in Russia, and the differing ideological drivers of lone actor attacks, it is perhaps not surprising that there is not one profile that aptly characterises them, other than perceived injustices." (The Institute for Economics and Peace (IEP), 2016) Based on various literatures, it is known that modern terrorism also began in the era of the 1880s, so it can be said that lone actor terrorism is one form of modern terrorism. The terminology of lone actor terrorism then disappears, while the terminology of lone-wolf or lone-wolf terrorism (single wolf or lone warrior) does not yet exist, so there is an unnamed crime, even though it is lone actor terrorism or lone-wolf terrorism. An example is the crime committed by Theodore Kaczynski between 1978 and 1995 in New York which sent bomb packages everywhere, killing 3 people and injuring more than 23 people.
Around the 1990s came the terminology of lone wolf (without additional terrorism) in America as stated by Gabriel Weimann: "Lone-wolf terrorism is the fastest growing form kind of terrorism....etc... The term "lone wolf" was popularized in the late 1990s by two white supremacists, Tom Metzger and Alex Curtis, as part of an effort at encouraging fellow racists to act alone in committing violent crimes for tactical reasons. Other terms that have been used to describe similar or comparable forms of political violence include "leaderless resistance" and "freelance terrorism" (Weimann, 2012).
After the suicide-terrorism attack on the World Trade Center in the United States (2001), there were many terrorist attacks similar to those of Theodore Kaczynski or Tom Metzger and Alex Curtis, and then the terminology of lone actor terrorism (1880s) and the terminology of lone wolf (1990s) combine to become lone wolf terrorism to refer to the act of terrorism.Today, the terminology of lone-wolf terrorism is abbreviated again to lone-wolf without terrorism, so there is a shift in meaning, that the lone-wolf attack method must be carried out based on terrorism. If so, then there is a flow of the terminology of lone actor terrorism, into lone wolf, then to lone-wolf terrorism, finally back to lone wolf terminology.
It should be understood, that the use of the term lone-wolf terrorism still has a few more branches, for example put forward by A.J. Caschetta: "if we reject the term "lone wolves," some asked, what shall we call them? In a succinct message, Daniel Pipes offered a wonderful replacement: "freelancers". (Caschetta, 2016). Abu Mus'ab al-Suri in da'wat al-muqawamah al-Islamiyyah al-'alamiyyah, chapter 8, subsection 4, and 5, translated by Brynjar Lia, stated: "the jihad of individualised terrorism", which are sporadic acts of terrorism carried out by small, autonomous cells or individuals, unconnected to organised formations" (Lia, 2006). The lonelyjihadis appears in the title of Richard Alexander Nielsen's dissertation, which questions: "why some Muslim clerics adopt the ideology of militant Jihad while others do not" (Nielsen, 2013). Furthermore, there is the terminology gun-man, which is put against the perpetrators of brutal shootings, such as in New Zealand but opposed by the Prime Minister of New Zealand by saying that the brutal shooting was a terrorist attack. Malaysia, in 2019 there were arrests of cells cut off from terrorism networks that were considered to be ISIS sympathizers, who were prepared to carry out suicide bombings, these cells were referred to by Malaysia as lone-pack.
In subsequent developments, various terminologies that are strongly associated with lonewolves-terrorism emerge; namely suicide-terrorism; suicide-bomber. Some literature suggests that lone-wolves-terrorism; suicide-terrorism; suicide-bomber is the same, because it has the same main characteristic or joint slices, namely suicide bombings. Of course this view should not be opposed, although in the introduction it is clear that suicide bombing is not identical with lonewolf terrorism, conversely, lone-wolf terrorism does not always carry out attacks with suicide bombings, because there is a lone-wolf terrorism gun-men, there are delivery of bomb packages, there are stabbings and so forth.
The most important joint slice is their awareness, that the highest risk of their actions is death. In addition, there is another element of equality, that is, hurting oneself by including others as victims of their actions, it is based on two thoughts: (1) "Terrorism certainly comes to mind but so do a host of other behaviors such as substance abuse, severe crime, eating disorders, selfimmolation, suicide, and so on" (Arie W. Kruglanski., 2014) and (2) "acts of suicide terrorism are acts of dual rule-breaking, to the extent that they breach rules against harming others and against harming oneself " (Wikström, 2008).
Unlike a suicide bomber, between suicide-terrorism and lone-wolf terrorism there are other similarities that the two of them committed acts that almost killed themselves, or the realization that the chance of life due to his actions is very small, but if there's the slightest chance, then it's taken. The condition almost caused his death to be created by two things: First, Lone-wolvesterrorism and suicide-terrorism carry out acts of terror with the aim of killing the target and or making as much damage as possible, so that his life is also threatened; Second, due to the emergence of responses from other parties to the acts of lone-wolves-terrorism and or suicideterrorism.
There are indeed a number of empirical events which justify indications of suicide or more appropriate language is causing the perpetrators to be killed. This is in line with J. Baudrillard, J's view: "Terror is an event without consequences (and always leads to a dead end)" (Baudrillard, 1990). Thus it is clear that lone-wolves-terrorism does not always take action with the aim of being killed, even in another perspective it is known that lone-wolves-terrorism tries to stay alive in order to carry out acts of terror in a sustainable manner.
Although the perpetrators do not want death, but terrorists are ready to die because there is a bargaining to enter heaven. This is related to the answer received by Jerrold M, from the terrorists he interviewed: "this is not suicide. suicide is selfish, it is weak, it is mentally disturbed. this is istishad (martyrdom or self-sacrifice in the service of Allah)" (Post, 2003). Joshua Gilliam explains: "Ijtihad means to struggle or strive intellectually and is used for legal or independent reasoning. This principle originally allowed for the Sunni schools of Islamic Jurisprudence to form and accept one another." (Gilliam, 2017). The above context relates to the study of literature, so Chris Miller concludes: "and with the publication of Robert Pape's dying to Win, a summary of the findings of the Chicago project on suicide terrorism, we now know a good deal about them" (Miller, 2009).
There is one unique condition that although the perpetrators do not want death but the terrorist is ready to die, but not by his own hands. Although the perpetrators do not want death but terrorists are ready to die if cornered and there is no other way to save, like the train bombers in England. If for some reason, it turns out that death when cornered does not occur, terrorists are also not afraid of being caught, because it will find a way to spread its understanding safely in prison and in the protection of law enforcement officials who are not aware of it. This point is one of the important bases to see a cycle of terrorism that dies one grows to a thousand. B. Peter Rosendorff and Todd Sandler suggest: "suicide terrorism greatly increases the complexity of the appropriate counterterrorism response". (Sandler., 2010). Because the perpetrators of suicide-terrorism do not have to be men, as Debra D. Zedalis stated: "who becomes a suicide bomber? the answer to this question is eclusive for both males and females" (Zedalis, 2004), also does not have to be poor, as Zeyno Baran (et.all) explains: "The first suicide killings in Central Asia took place in 2005, and were conducted by women who did not fit the traditional profile of poor, uneducated and repressed. For example, the 19-year old Dilnoza Holmuradova and her 22-year old sister Shahnoza Holmuradova came from a relatively affluent family in Tashkent and were well-educated." (Zeyno Baran., 2006). So Bruce Hoffman said: "Today, though, suicide bombers are middle-aged or young, married or unmarried, 'and some of them have children. Some of them, too, are women, and word has it that even children are being trained for martyrdom. "There is no clear profile anymore-not for terrorists and especially not for suicide bombers; an exasperated senior officer in the Israel Defense Forces told me last year." (Heffelfinger).
Others than suicide-terrorism and lone-wolf terrorism. Basically suicide-bomber acts that must cause himself killed. The perpetrators of suicide bombers are not prepared if they remain alive at the end of their terrorist acts, but their suicide wants another party who participated in death with him. To make sure he gets killed, the suicide bomber needs a lot of planning, this is in line with D. Weisburd's (et.all) view of events in Israel: "In the Israeli setting, for example, the case of a suicide bombing is likely motivated by a combination of the rational calculations of the organization, a cost-benefit analysis made by the attackers themselves, social pressure from the attackers' peer group, and personal psychological, social, cultural, and religious motivations." (Weisburd, 2009) With this condition, there is a tendency to think that they are not from a terrorism network, but it might be exploited by a terrorism network. Indications of the existence of a suicide bomber exploited by terrorism networks, implied from the view of Debra D. Zedalis: "suicide bombers are today's weapon of choice" (Zedalis, 2004, p. 1).
It should be noted, that lone-wolves-terrorism may not be suicide-terrorism and not suicidebomber, this becomes clear when lone-wolves-terrorism attacks don't use bombs to commit suicide, and if using, the bomb is separated from the body, or does not endanger itself. So, it is clear that lone wolf who is not a suicide bomber is aware of the possible risk of being killed, even trying not to get killed in the action, because the main target is to harm others, but lone wolf suicide-terrorism is also ready to be killed. Whereas the suicide-bomber lone wolf did prepare to be killed even though there were no other victims, even suicide bombers aren't ready if they don't get killed. Almost in line with Debra D. Zedalis, said by Matthew J. Morgan: "Today's terrorists are ultimately more apocalyptic in their perspective and methods. For many violent and radical organizations, terror has evolved from being a means to an end, to becoming the end in itself." International Review of Humanities Studies www.irhs.ui.ac.id, e-ISSN: 2477-6866, p-ISSN: 2527-9416 Vol. 5, No.1, January 2020, pp. 52-63 (Morgan, 2004). From the discussion in this section, we found three important things: (1) there is lone wolf suicide-terrorism; and (2) There are lone wolf suicide-bombers; as well (3) there is a lone wolf non-suicide-bomber as well as a lone wolf non-suicide-terrorism.

DISCUSSION : NO LONE WOLF TERRORISME
There are some thoughts on the motives for lone-wolf terrorism attacks: First, lone-wolf terrorism attacks without motive, but due to a mental illness. Psychiatric illnesses direct or encourage someone to commit a violence (psychopathological). This means that without the process of radicalization of terrorism or without accepting the understanding of radicalterrorism, the perpetrators will at any time commit acts of terrorism, because there is mental illness. For example, because of a misogynist like Jared Loughner (carried out the shooting which caused 6 deaths (including a 9 year old girl), and cause 7 people injured ) and Marc Lepine (carried out the shooting which left 14 women dead and 15 other women injured), or because of Necromaniac like James Holmes (bombs a film building in Aurora -Colorado, on July 20, 2012, causing 12 people died and 70 people injured). The psychopathological element then experienced degradation due to research by Ariel Merari, (Blin, 2007) which proves that suicide terrorism does not suffer from mental or psychopathological disorders, it was also conveyed by Eli Berman and David D. Laitin: "Psychiatrist Ariel Merari interviewed failed suicide terrorists and the families of suicide terrorists. He found that all the attackers were psychologically healthy, and that none mentioned religiosity or promises of rewards in the afterlife as their main motivating force. The Tamil Tigers, who carried out the most suicide attacks in the 1980s, are nominally atheists." (Laitin, 2008). Like suicide-terrorism; it is known that suicide-bomber (suicide attackers) is not caused by mental disorders. This was stated by Audrey Kurth Cronin: "Important conclusions include evidence that suicide attackers generally make choices and are not impulsive or "crazy." They are usually carefully recruited, indoctrinated and then targeted by organizations. It is important, therefore, to concentrate on analyzing the culture and structure of the organization when fashioning a response. Historically, suicide attackers have been used by both secular and religious groups." (Cronin, 2003).
Second, Lone-wolf terrorism attacks with ideological (political or religious) motives. It was stated by James A. Bates: "We will not be able to kill or capture every disaffected individual who is a potential insurgent. Insurgents who are willing to sacrifice their own lives to attack us are unlikely to completely give up their struggle or ideology easily." (Bates., 2005). If the ideology is seen, then the operational ideology is political. In a political context, this is in line with the thoughts of Max Abrahms and Karolina Lula: "for decades, terrorism specialists have noted that terrorists are political losers" (Max Abrahms, 2012), or thoughts from Donatella Della Porta and Gary La Free: "radicalization and de-radicalization emerge as important concepts both in our understanding of political violence and in the choice of policy strategy to contain it" (LaFree, 2011), especially when there is a thought from UK Counter-Terrorism: "obviously, there is a political question as to whether it is acceptable for a government to seek to target activity which is not illegal (extremism), as opposed to an activity which is (terrorism)." (UK Counter-Terrorism, 2016 through extortion based on violence. Particularly deadly terrorist attacks not only give terrorists publicity, but such events also create anxiety in a targeted population." (Sandler., 2010, p. 6). Still in a political context, Michael Chandler stated:"political reservations can also affect how a country tackles terrorism" (Winkler, 2005, p. 72), but suggested by Martha Crenshaw: "perhaps governments do not need a specific political response to suicide tactics" (Crenshaw, 2007). So the political decision is not to make a decision. However, at the point of conviction that there was a political element, a major obstacle was found again, as stated by Marc Sageman: "Despite over a decade of government funding and thousands of newcomers to the field of terrorist research, we are no closer to answering the simple question of ''What leads a person to turn to political violence?'' (Sageman, 2014) .The combined thoughts of Richard Alexander Nielsen and Cora Alexa Døving were united in the views of Michael Emerson, Kristina Kausch, and Richard Youngs, who stated: "the interplay of Islam and politics can foster radicalisation as well as deradicalisation". (Emerson, 2009). That is also in line with Sara Brzuszkiewicz's view: "A true process of collective de-radicalization represented the second phase of the dialogue with the State, and featured a comprehensive attempt to legitimize ideologically the transformation, as well as to publicize the doctrinal developments." (Brzuszkiewicz, 2016). There is also an ideological view in question is religion, with empirical evidence is the public reaction due to cartoons of the Prophet Muhammad in Sweden, or as implicitly revealed by A.J.Caschetta's thought: "ultimately the "lone wolf" analysis provides a useful tool for anyone seeking to disconnect Islam from jihad attacks" (Caschetta, www.washingtonexaminer.com, 2017) also as stated by Mark Sedgwick: "A radical ideology is indisputably an essential ingredient in producing terrorism. To state the obvious, a terrorist without ideological (or religious, or religio-ideological) motivation would, by most definitions, be either an ordinary criminal or mentally ill. And an ideology that was not radical could hardly justify terrorism." (Sedgwick, 2007). Third, Lone-wolf terrorism attacks carried out because of perversion of mindset. This category is similar but different from psychopathological factors. Based on various literatures, it can be stated that there are two deviations in the mindset in lone-wolf terrorism, namely: (a) Frustration due to the accumulation of various problems. This was revealed by Osho Oluwafemi, Falaye Adeyinka Adesuyi, and Shafi'i M. Abdulhamid: "Consequent upon this diversity, it is not uncommon to find some people, because of their ethnicity, religion or political standing, feeling oppressed, marginalized, persecuted, or exploited; they feel frustrated with their position in the society. And therefore, to express their frustration, they sometimes resort to unlawful use of terror as their form of persuasion." (Osho Oluwafemi., 2013). Then (b) As mentioned by James A. Bates in the previous section (in the discussion of ideological motives) that besides the ideological context, there is a motive for sacrifice related to the action of lone-wolf terrorism. It can be said that sacrifice in the context of lone-wolf terrorism, especially suicide-bomber, is one of the deviations of the mindset. The context of deviation of mindset is justified if it is connected with discussions about the process of radicalization of terrorism, where advances in communication and information technology have led to the spread of radical terrorism, and because of that the phenomenon of lone-wolf terrorism continues to occur. The perversion of the mindset that forms lone-wolf terrorism is directly related to emotional control, as Claudius Gros views: "Emotional control hence represents a way, realized in real-world intelligences, to solve the motivational problem, determining the utility function the intelligence tries to optimize at any given point of  (M¨uller, 2013). In terms of lone-wolf terrorism, Lars Erik Berntzen and Sveinung Sandberg said: "lone wolf terrorists operate individually, do not belong to an organized group, and are difficult for authorities to detect" (Sandberg, 2014, p. 2), attributed to the shooting by Anders Behring Breivik, Lars Erik Berntzen and Sveinung Sandberg stated: "Anders Behring Breivik killers acted alone and committed, as per the FBI's definition, "unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a Government, the civilian population, or any segment there of, in furtherance of political or social objectives." (Caschetta, Freelance Jihad, 2016).
The views of Richard Alexander Nielsen and Gabriel Weimann provide two perspectives for viewing lone-wolf terrorism.
First, the existence of lone-wolf terrorism which is only seen from the perspective of the action.
Second, lone-wolf terrorism which is seen from the perspective of the action that is not affiliated with the ideological or philosophical owned by a terrorism group.
The perspective to see lone-wolf terrorism then develops based on the pattern of lone-wolf terrorism attacks. there is a lone-wolf terrorism attack which is only carried out once and if the perpetrator is dead it is also categorized as suicide terrorism or suicide bomber. There is a lonewolf terrorism that attacks repeatedly and indeed the perpetrators try to stay alive. Two perspectives are explained by Rodger A. Bates: "Lone wolf terrorism can take either of two forms, chaos or career. Chaos lone wolf terrorism is characterized by a single event in which the lone wolf appears as if from nowhere and engages in a singular disruptive event. Suicide terrorism is a major form of chaos lone wolf terrorism." (Bates, 2012).
When lone-wolf terrorism is also a suicide terrorism or suicide bomber, there is a clash of perspectives. Because it's hard to say the perpetrators have no relationship and don't communicate with terrorist networks, whereas communication has a complicated structure, because there is communication that can be done in one direction, and there is also communication that can be twoway. With the above context, a third perspective emerges, consisting of two possibilities: First, lone-wolf terrorism may have structural links with terrorism networks, if carrying out attacks with suicide bombings, then it can be said as suicide-terrorism; There is indeed a development, which is also one of the focus of the researchers' attention, namely, whether it can still be said as lonewolf terrorism if it is known that the act of terrorism was carried out because of the provocation of a terrorism network. Whereas provocation is not a process that binds a person to be part of a terrorism organization, as stated by Gabriel Weimann: "The significant increase in lone-wolf terrorism in the past three decades can partly be explained by the adoption and use of various online platforms for the dissemination of lone-wolf tactics. Terrorist groups have learned how to appeal to potential lone wolves, to attract and seduce them, to train and teach them and finally to launch them on their attacksall by using online communication, from forums and chatrooms to Facebook, YouTube and Twitter" (Weimann, 2012, pp. 85-86), also stated by Rodger A. Bates: "Though lone wolf terrorists are self-radicalized, their motivation may not always be political or religious. In some instances, they may be motivated by personal agendas in response to some real or perceived organizational or institutional event". (Bates, 2012, p. 3). Second, lone-wolf terrorism has no structural connection to the terrorism network but has an emotional connection, or ideology, or knowledge, with a network of terrorism as stated by Gabriel Weimann: "usually, the lone-wolf terrorist shares an ideological or philosophical identification with an extremist group, but does not communicate with that group" (Weimann, 2012, p. 77), also stated by A.J. Caschetta: "they are not lone wolves and their motives are not unknowable. They are freelancers in the global jihad" (Caschetta, Freelance Jihad, 2016). If this second category of lone-wolf terrorism carries out a suicide bomb attack, it can be said to be a suicide bomber.

CONCLUSION
Thus, it can be concluded that lone wolf terrorism is caused by the problem of deviations in mindset that is not a mental illness, which is in line with the substance of lone wolf terrorism according to Lars Erik Berntzen and Sveinung Sandberg, namely: "Fight for What Is Yours!" (Sandberg, 2014, p. 8).
Based on the whole discussion above, it's clear that lone-wolf terrorism is not as simple as it seems. The discussion above has found three main perspectives in looking at lone-wolf terrorism, namely: First, from the standpoint of the action carried out independently; which is divided into two categories, namely: (a) a single attack called lone-wolf-terrorism-chaos, where when a perpetrator dies, it is also called suicide terrorism or suicide bomber; and (b) serial attacks or attacks many times, because the perpetrators of lone-wolf terrorism survived and repeated their attacks. This second lone-wolf terrorism is called lone-wolf-terrorism-carrer; Second, from the standpoint of ideology that is definitely linked to the ideology of the terrorism network; Third, from the point of communication whether one direction or two directions. If linked to the nature of radical-terrorism and the spread of knowledge and the ability to build instruments of attack, then in fact there is a non-structural network between terrorism groups and lone wolf terrorism. Sometimes it takes time to make an assessment of lone-wolf-terrorism; maybe the perpetrators are lone-wolf-terrorism-suicide-terrorism or lone-wolf-terrorism-suicidebomber or lone-wolf-terrorism-non-suicide-terrorism or lone-wolf-terrorism-non-suicide-bomber. Difficulties in the assessment are more due to the perpetrator's death, sometimes without identity, do not have communication tools, there are no specific features, and do not leave any notes, so that information becomes broken.
For further researchers, it is expected to be able to promote synchronization between intelligence and academic analysis, because according to Marc Sageman: we have a system of terrorism research in which intelligence analysts know everything but understand nothing, while academics understand everything but know nothing" (Sageman, 2014, p. 576).